{"id":1110,"date":"2020-04-23T07:59:19","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T06:59:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/congovirtuel.com\/information\/?p=1110"},"modified":"2020-04-23T07:59:23","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T06:59:23","slug":"letat-durgence-la-cacophonie-dune-constitution-par-prof-celestin-kabuya-lumuna-sando","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/congovirtuel.com\/information\/letat-durgence-la-cacophonie-dune-constitution-par-prof-celestin-kabuya-lumuna-sando\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence : la cacophonie d\u2019une Constitution (Par Prof. C\u00e9lestin Kabuya-Lumuna Sando)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence proclam\u00e9 par le chef de l\u2019Etat le 24 mars 2020, am\u00e8ne des questions et des r\u00e9flexions&nbsp; sur la nature de l\u2019urgence, sur la proc\u00e9dure, et sur les modalit\u00e9s de l\u2019urgence.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je situe ces questions et ces r\u00e9flexions dans le double contexte d\u2019une circonstance de type non d\u00e9fini dans la Constitution, la pand\u00e9mie du coronavirus, et d\u2019un r\u00e9gime de cohabitation-coalition dans le fonctionnement de nos Institutions politiques. Ces deux situations exceptionnelles et inattendues nous permettent de mieux identifier certaines failles et lacunes de notre Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En essayant de concilier et de comprendre les principaux articles de la Constitution qui concernent l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence, 85, 86, 119, 144, 145, je nourris la ferme&nbsp; conviction que&nbsp; cette Constitution m\u00e9rite&nbsp; de subir&nbsp; quelques modifications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>La terminologie et la nature de l\u2019urgence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette Constitution pr\u00e9voit effectivement l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence. L\u2019article 85 le d\u00e9finit comme suit&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;<em>lorsque des circonstances graves menacent, d\u2019une mani\u00e8re imm\u00e9diate, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance ou l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du territoire national ou qu\u2019elles provoquent l\u2019interruption du fonctionnement r\u00e9gulier des institutions, le Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique proclame l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence etc.&nbsp;\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Observons que les circonstances invoqu\u00e9es sont graves et menacent deux piliers de l\u2019espace politique\u00a0: les Institutions \u00e9tatiques et le territoire.\u00a0 En consid\u00e9rant que tout espace politique est constitu\u00e9 sur trois piliers, le territoire, les Institutions \u00e9tatiques, la Communaut\u00e9 humaine, je pense que la Constitution devrait inclure les circonstances graves qui menaceraient l\u2019existence et la conservation de la Communaut\u00e9 humaine vivant sur le\u00a0 territoire. En effet, la pand\u00e9mie illustre bien cette n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de compter les maladies ou autres calamit\u00e9s naturelles qui menacent de fa\u00e7on imm\u00e9diate, non pas le territoire, non pas le fonctionnement r\u00e9gulier des institutions \u00e9tatiques, mais plus singuli\u00e8rement, et de fa\u00e7on imm\u00e9diate,\u00a0 la vie r\u00e9guli\u00e8re des populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On s\u2019est mis d\u2019accord sur le concept&nbsp;<em>\u00ab&nbsp;urgence sanitaire&nbsp;\u00bb.&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;C\u2019est heureux.&nbsp; L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat majeur de l\u2019inscrire dans la Constitution est qu\u2019une telle pr\u00e9cision permet d\u2019aligner, de droit, les sp\u00e9cialistes du domaine impliqu\u00e9 dans le processus de d\u00e9cision et de contr\u00f4le et donc d\u2019int\u00e9grer l\u2019autorit\u00e9 des Sp\u00e9cialistes dans les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>La proc\u00e9dure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La proc\u00e9dure de d\u00e9claration passe par trois \u00e9tapes&nbsp;: la concertation, le message \u00e0 la nation, la loi sur les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019application de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il faut donc se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer aux articles 85, 144, 145\u2026.et 119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, la Constitution a bien distingu\u00e9&nbsp; \u00e9tat d\u2019urgence, \u00e9tat de si\u00e8ge, \u00e9tat de guerre. Cette distinction est claire entre l\u2019article 85 et l\u2019article 86, comme entre l\u2019article 143 et l\u2019article 144.&nbsp; C\u2019est l\u2019article 119 qui cr\u00e9e la confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019article 85 dispose de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence et de l\u2019\u00e9tat de si\u00e8ge.&nbsp; Et dans la proc\u00e9dure, cet article responsabilise les Acteurs&nbsp;: 1\u00b0 c\u2019est clair \u00ab&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>le Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique proclame l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence ou l\u2019\u00e9tat de si\u00e8ge.&nbsp;\u00bb&nbsp;<\/em>Et l\u2019article 85&nbsp; pose un pr\u00e9alable, \u00e0 savoir \u00ab&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>apr\u00e8s concertation<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb avec les trois autres chefs des Institutions politiques, Gouvernement, Assembl\u00e9e nationale, S\u00e9nat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>En quoi consiste la concertation&nbsp;?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Constitution ne dit pas. Mais,&nbsp; deux rep\u00e8res peuvent en indiquer le contour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Premier rep\u00e8re<\/strong>, c\u2019est l\u2019article 85 qui stipule que \u00ab&nbsp;<em>les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019application de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence et de l\u2019\u00e9tat de si\u00e8ge sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par la loi&nbsp;\u00bb&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em>On peut en d\u00e9duire que lors de cette concertation, le Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9finit les modalit\u00e9s qu\u2019il estime ad\u00e9quates, ou qui sont conformes \u00e0 loi existante.&nbsp; Mais le d\u00e9bat s\u2019ouvre alors de savoir si, \u00e0 chaque \u00e9tat d\u2019urgence, il faut une loi&nbsp; sp\u00e9cifique, ou s\u2019il faut une loi unique. Dans le cas d\u2019esp\u00e8ce, l\u2019Ordonnance du 24 mars contient et la proclamation et des modalit\u00e9s et mesures. En supposant&nbsp; que cette Ordonnance est le fruit d\u2019une \u00ab&nbsp;concertation&nbsp;\u00bb, que deviendrait la loi pr\u00e9conis\u00e9e par l\u2019article 85 de la Constitution&nbsp;?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Un deuxi\u00e8me rep\u00e8re<\/strong>\u00a0sur le contour de la concertation, c\u2019est, par opposition, l\u2019article 86 qui lui traite de la d\u00e9claration de guerre. Comme dans l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence, le Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique ne d\u00e9cide pas seul. Le Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur de la d\u00e9fense donne son avis pr\u00e9alable. Et l\u2019autorisation de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale et du S\u00e9nat est requise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En tous les cas, sur la base de ces rep\u00e8res, on peut dire que le Constituant n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 distrait quand il a li\u00e9 l\u2019initiative du Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique \u00e0 la concertation au message de la nation et \u00e0 la loi sur les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019application de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u2019il en est ainsi, le r\u00f4le des deux chambres demeure flou et soumis \u00e0 une cacophonie entre&nbsp; les articles 85, 86, 119, 143,144, et 145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab<em>L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale et le S\u00e9nat se r\u00e9unissent alors de plein droit&nbsp;\u00bb (alin\u00e9a 2 de l\u2019article,&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;on peut comprendre que m\u00eame si les deux Chambres sont en vacances, elles doivent se r\u00e9unir. Et la session extraordinaire ne peut pas exc\u00e9der 30 jours.&nbsp; C\u2019est la m\u00eame dur\u00e9e limite que pour l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, l\u2019article 119 inscrit l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence, l\u2019\u00e9tat de si\u00e8ge parmi les mati\u00e8res qui rel\u00e8vent du Congr\u00e8s, donc de la r\u00e9union conjointe de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale et du S\u00e9nat. Et cependant, l\u2019article 85 n\u2019\u00e9voque pas l\u2019autorisation du Congr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019erreur est \u00e9vidente, et elle devrait \u00eatre corrig\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u2019abord, il faudrait&nbsp; distinguer, d\u2019une part, l\u2019autorisation de la d\u00e9claration de guerre, requise conform\u00e9ment aux articles 86 et 143&nbsp;; et, d\u2019autre part,&nbsp;<strong>l\u2019autorisation de prorogation de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence<\/strong>, requise&nbsp; conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019article 144, en son alin\u00e9a 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ensuite, il faudrait mentionner la pr\u00e9rogative de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e et du S\u00e9nat de \u00ab<em>mettre fin \u00e0 tout moment \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence ou \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat de si\u00e8ge&nbsp;\u00bb,&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019alin\u00e9a 5 de l\u2019article 144.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais l\u2019article 144 n\u2019\u00e9voque pas le \u00ab&nbsp;congr\u00e8s&nbsp;\u00bb. C\u2019est donc l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale et le S\u00e9nat, qui se r\u00e9unissent de plein droit, exercent leurs comp\u00e9tences s\u00e9par\u00e9ment, selon le rythme normal de leur fonctionnement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mettons-nous d\u2019accord sur l\u2019article 119 r\u00e9am\u00e9nag\u00e9, et admettons que l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence est une mati\u00e8re qui rel\u00e8ve du Congr\u00e8s. Il serait donc judicieux de pr\u00e9ciser ici que les deux Chambres \u00ab&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>se r\u00e9unissent en Congr\u00e8s&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour toute d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration relative \u00e0 \u00ab&nbsp;l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence&nbsp;\u00bb. Et il y aurait clart\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>La chronologie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Par ailleurs, l\u2019article 144 pourrait \u00eatre encore plus clair. Notamment en ce qui concerne la chronologie dans la proc\u00e9dure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Premi\u00e8re question\u00a0: l\u2019apr\u00e8s-concertation.<\/strong>\u00a0: On a suppos\u00e9 que le Premier ministre Chef du gouvernement vient en concertation avec des projets de modalit\u00e9s ou des mesures. Mais que font les deux chefs du pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif\u00a0? Ils ent\u00e9rinent. Et puis apr\u00e8s, que font les Chambres qui se r\u00e9unissent de plein droit\u00a0? Elles sont l\u00e0 pour le contr\u00f4le d\u2019ex\u00e9cution. Avec quel pouvoir de sanction\u00a0?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Les deux Chambres&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;adoptent la loi sur les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019application de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence.&nbsp; Les deux Chambres autorisent la prorogation de 15 jours. Les deux Chambres peuvent mettre fin \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence \u00ab&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>\u00e0 tout moment&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/em>Cela se passe comment&nbsp;? Sur demande du Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique, apr\u00e8s d\u00e9cision du Conseil des ministres, comme pour la prorogation&nbsp;?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tout cela devient lourd et risque de ne pas permettre une gestion efficace de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence qui, lui n\u00e9cessite des d\u00e9cisions rapides et des ex\u00e9cutions imm\u00e9diates. Le risque de crise institutionnelle&nbsp;&nbsp; est permanent quand, dans une cohabitation-coalition, la suspicion plus ou moins l\u00e9gitime r\u00e8gne dans les deux camps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>La dur\u00e9e de l\u2019urgence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence a une dur\u00e9e limit\u00e9e \u00e0 30 jours.La prorogation est de 15 jours, sans limite du nombre de fois.La pr\u00e9sence active de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale et du S\u00e9nat est requise. Et la session extraordinaire ne peut exc\u00e9der 15 jours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le seul risque est que le pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif en profite pour imposer sa seule autorit\u00e9. Un exemple historique est celui de Salazar au Portugal \u2026 mais aussi celui de J D Mobutu en 1966.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u2019oublions pas, les crises politiques qui ont marqu\u00e9 l\u2019histoire de la RDC ont eu, pour origine, les tiraillements entre le pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif trop vorace, et le pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif, trop lourd.Dans le cas de l\u2019urgence sanitaire, la dur\u00e9e devient al\u00e9atoire, et toutes les peurs l\u00e9gitimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prof. Kabuya Lumuna\/Prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence proclam\u00e9 par le chef de l\u2019Etat le 24 mars 2020, am\u00e8ne des questions et des r\u00e9flexions&nbsp; sur la nature de l\u2019urgence, sur la proc\u00e9dure, et sur les modalit\u00e9s de l\u2019urgence. Je situe ces questions et ces r\u00e9flexions dans le double contexte d\u2019une circonstance de type non d\u00e9fini dans la Constitution, la pand\u00e9mie du coronavirus, et d\u2019un r\u00e9gime de cohabitation-coalition dans le fonctionnement de nos Institutions politiques. Ces deux situations exceptionnelles et inattendues nous permettent de mieux identifier certaines failles et lacunes de notre Constitution. En essayant de concilier&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":1111,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[368],"tags":[369],"class_list":["post-1110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-constitution","tag-kabuya-lumuna"],"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence : la cacophonie d\u2019une Constitution (Par Prof. C\u00e9lestin Kabuya-Lumuna Sando) - Actualit\u00e9s congolaises et internationales<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/congovirtuel.com\/information\/letat-durgence-la-cacophonie-dune-constitution-par-prof-celestin-kabuya-lumuna-sando\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence : la cacophonie d\u2019une Constitution (Par Prof. C\u00e9lestin Kabuya-Lumuna Sando) - Actualit\u00e9s congolaises et internationales\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence proclam\u00e9 par le chef de l\u2019Etat le 24 mars 2020, am\u00e8ne des questions et des r\u00e9flexions&nbsp; sur la nature de l\u2019urgence, sur la proc\u00e9dure, et sur les modalit\u00e9s de l\u2019urgence. Je situe ces questions et ces r\u00e9flexions dans le double contexte d\u2019une circonstance de type non d\u00e9fini dans la Constitution, la pand\u00e9mie du coronavirus, et d\u2019un r\u00e9gime de cohabitation-coalition dans le fonctionnement de nos Institutions politiques. Ces deux situations exceptionnelles et inattendues nous permettent de mieux identifier certaines failles et lacunes de notre Constitution. 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